Alfred Deakin

Deakin in Victorian parliament

Deakin was elected to the seat of West Bourke in the Victorian Legislative Assembly in February 1879. He resigned his seat soon after he delivered his maiden speech, following a press allegation that eligible voters had been excluded from voting.

Deakin unsuccessfully contested West Bourke at the subsequent by-election, but won it again in July 1880. He held the seat until 1889, when he won Essendon, which he held until resigning in 1900 to enter federal politics.

He held three portfolios while a member of Victorian parliament – Solicitor-General and Minister for Public Works from 1883 to 1886, and Chief Secretary from 1886 to 1890.

Deakin attended the colonial conference in London in 1887 with the Victorian delegation, and impressed the United Kingdom statesmen with his comments on difficulties faced by self-governing colonies in dealing with the Imperial government.

He attended the first Federal Convention in Sydney on March 1891 as a delegate for Victoria and was a member of the constitution committee. When the draft Constitution Bill lapsed, Deakin refused further ministerial positions.

Deakin and the Federation campaign

Deakin attended the second Federal Convention in March 1897 as the third-placed popularly elected delegate for Victoria. He participated actively in convention debates but performed his main role beyond the conference hall, talking round anti-federationist delegates to appreciate the need for federal government.

The compelling pro-federation speeches Deakin made around Victoria in 1897 and 1898 did much to turn public opinion in favour of federation. On 3–4 June 1898 a referendum was held to approve the draft constitution. The constitution was accepted by the required majority in South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria, but not New South Wales.

Deakin emerged as Edmund Barton’s principal fellow advocate of federation in 1899, during the campaign for a referendum on the Constitution Bill, which had been amended to try to gain New South Wales’ support for federation.

The second federation referendum was held in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria from April to September 1899. Voters in each colony approved the amended Constitution Bill by the required majority.

Deakin joined Barton’s delegation of six Australian politicians who went to London early in 1900 to negotiate amendments to the Constitution Bill with the UK Government. Deakin and Barton, by now close friends, performed outstandingly in a series of conferences with Secretary for Colonies Joseph Chamberlain.

From May to June 1900 the Commonwealth Constitution Bill passed through UK parliament, and was granted Royal Assent by Queen Victoria on 9 July 1900.

Prime Minister Alfred Deakin

Deakin took over as prime minister, leading a Protectionist government, on 24 September 1903 when Barton quit politics to become a judge of the newly instituted High Court.

Deakin retained government at the second general election on 16 December 1903 but had to rely on Labor support. He held power for another four months, until 27 April 1904, when his government was defeated in parliament over a Labor amendment to the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill.

Deakin resigned the prime ministership, which then went to Labor leader Chris Watson.

Second and third terms

Deakin became prime minister for the second time on 5 July 1905 when George Reid resigned. Deakin’s minority government survived with Labor support. He retained power at the third general election on 12 December 1906, again with Labor support.

Deakin’s second Protectionist government fell on 13 November 1908 when Deakin resigned because he was not prepared to accept Labor’s ‘preference for unionists’ amendment.

After losing office to Andrew Fisher’s Labor Party, Deakin arranged a merger of his followers in May 1909 (some were still known as Protectionists, while others were calling themselves Deakinites) with his former political foes, the Free Traders (now led by Joseph Cook, who had succeeded George Reid as leader of the group in November 1908). The new grouping was known as the Fusion.

On 2 June 1909 the Fusion defeated Fisher’s Labor government in parliament. Deakin was commissioned to form his third government, and Cook became his deputy. Deakin’s Fusion government was defeated at the general election on 13 April 1910.

Deakin government achievements

Deakin’s total time in office amounted to four years and 10 months, the longest time served by any of the six prime ministers to 1915. Despite relatively short and discontinuous periods in office, his governments were responsible for much policy and legislation giving shape to the Commonwealth during its first decade.

Some achievements during Deakin’s periods as prime minister were:

• 1904: First national defence scheme
• 1906: Assumption of responsibility for the territory of Papua; establishment of the Bureau of Census and Statistics; Australian Industries Protection Act (linking tariffs with wages, forcing companies to pay fair wages)
• 1907: Bill for the transfer of control of the Northern Territory from South Australia to the Commonwealth; establishment of the Bureau of Meteorology; introduction of the basic wage concept in the Harvester judgement
• 1908: Choice of Canberra as the site for the federal capital; Old Age Pension Bill; national tariff protection policy giving 5 per cent margin of preference to UK manufactures; visit by the ‘Great White Fleet’ of USA to Australia; federal Quarantine Act replaced state acts for a uniform national quarantine system
• 1909: Former prime minister George Reid appointed as the first Australian High Commissioner to London
• 1910: Launch of the first Australian navy ships.

Later political life

Deakin’s government was defeated at the fourth federal general election on 13 April 1910, which gave the Labor Party a clear majority – the first time that any group or party had gained an absolute majority in Federal Parliament. Andrew Fisher took office as Prime Minister (for the second time) on 29 April 1910.

In opposition again, Deakin began unifying the main elements among anti-Labor groups into a more formal arrangement than the Fusion. The result was the formation of the Liberal Party and the emergence of the two-party system during the period 1910–12.

Deakin himself belonged to a Victorian body called the Commonwealth Liberal Party, formed April–May 1909. Other non-Labor parliamentarians used other names, including Protectionist and Free Trader, to describe their affiliations.

By 20 January 1913, when Deakin resigned as Opposition Leader, most members of the Opposition were calling themselves Liberals. Joseph Cook (Deakin’s replacement as Opposition Leader) and supporters fought the fifth federal general election on 31 May 1913 as the Liberal Party.

Beyond politics

In ill health, Deakin resigned as Opposition Leader on 20 January 1913. He retired from politics when the fourth parliament expired on May 1913.

Deakin’s ill health continued and he died from a stroke in South Yarra, Victoria, on 7 October 1919. He was buried in St Kilda Cemetery after a state funeral.

Legislation passed under Deakin

No legislation was passed by Deakin’s first government. Legislation introduced into parliament and passed during his second term included the:

• Census and Statistics Act 1905 to set up a federal bureau
• Papua Act 1905 established an administration for Australian-controlled British New Guinea
• Representation Act 1905 provided for the alteration of electoral boundaries
• Copyright Act 1905 established a national code.

Important amendments were also made to the Customs Tariff Act, Immigration Restriction Act and the Judiciary Act. Legislation passed by his third parliament included the:

• Quarantine Act 1908
• Invalid and Old Age Pensioner Act 1908, giving pension rights to people over 65.