Medicare

Sample Medicare card

On 1 February 1984 the highly controversial Medicare system was introduced. It established basic health care for all Australians.

Prime Minister Robert Hawke, 5 March 1984: ¹

With this historic initiative, all Australians now have a new, simpler and fairer health insurance system.

Australian health and welfare

Over the 20th century, Australian health and welfare improved greatly. Some of the innovations which contributed to this positive change have been identified in the Museum’s list of defining moments. These include:

1908: introduction of old age and invalid pensions
1912: introduction of a maternity allowance
1945: introduction of unemployment and sickness benefits.

This moment, suggested by Denise Moore, extends the story of health and social welfare into the later part of the 20th century.

Universal healthcare is relatively new in Australia. Healthcare in the 19th century was very much a private affair. The quality of healthcare depended on many factors, including: where you lived, what kind of background and education you had, and your level of income.

Doctors were not necessarily the highly trained and regulated professionals that we think of now; that too is a 20th century innovation.

If you got sick in the 19th century and you couldn’t afford a doctor, you were much more likely to rely on inherited folk wisdom, the local apothecary or chemist, and the kindness of friends and families. Hospitals were generally places of last resort.

Just who should bear responsibility for healthcare was a heated debate throughout the 20th century.

Politically, people form their views on this issue depending on their beliefs about the role of government. Some people believe that government should have as minimal a role as possible, and that individual rights and freedoms are paramount. Others believe individual rights and freedoms can only be exercised within the context of an equitable civil society.

This range of beliefs was evident in Medicare’s convoluted history. Any bill that takes 10 hours to debate is indicative of deeply held philosophical differences.²

Medibank

The first iteration of Medicare was called Medibank, and it was introduced by the Whitlam government in 1975, early in its second term.

The federal opposition under Malcolm Fraser had rejected Bills relating to its financing, which is why it took the government so long to get it established.

Medibank began on 1 July 1975 after the passing of legislation by a joint sitting of Parliament on 7 August 1974. It had only a short period of operation before the Whitlam government was dismissed.

The incoming Fraser government modified Medibank, establishing a levy of 2.5% on income to fund it (but providing the option to take out private health insurance instead). Interestingly, the levy was higher than that proposed by the Whitlam government and which the Coalition had blocked while in opposition.

Other changes followed, such as changes to agreements with the states over how much money hospitals would receive, restrictions in benefits and bulk billing, and rebates for those with private insurance.

Most of these changes were revoked by the incoming Hawke Labor government in 1984. Aside from a name change from Medibank to Medicare, the health care system that started operation on 1 February was very similar to that introduced in 1975. Medicare remains in place but it is often a hot political topic.

Future challenges

Australian health care provisions will come under considerable stress as our population ages, and aged care costs and the incidence of lifestyle-related chronic diseases soar.

Projected costs for health care are likely to take the lion’s share of future budgets.

According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 'total health and residential aged care expenditure is projected to increase by 189% in the period 2003 to 2033 from $85 billion to $246 billion – an increase of $161 billion'.³

How the Australian community responds to this challenge may well represent another defining moment in Australian history.

Notes

¹Speech given to the Health Research Employees Association

²Canberra Times, 16 September, 1983, p. 12.

³John Goss, ‘Projection of Australian health care expenditure by disease, 2003 to 2033’, HEALTH AND WELFARE EXPENDITURE SERIES, Number 36, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra, 2008.